Variability of Tree Diameters in Small-Leaved Linden Stands. С. 42-57

Complete text of the article:

Download article (pdf, 0.8MB )

UDС

630.521.2

DOI:

10.37482/0536-1036-2025-1-42-57

Abstract

Information on the distribution of trees by thickness grades in stands is necessary for planning selective fellings and the formation of environmentally sustainable and economically valuable plantations. The aim of this article is to characterize and compare the structural diversity of tree diameter distribution in mixed one- and two-age stands of Tilia cordata Mill. growing in the Arkhangelsk forestry of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Based on the data from 25 temporary sample plots, cluster analysis and visualization method based on empirical data of tree diameter distributions have identified 4 unimodal structural types of distributions and a descending (reverse J-shaped) one. Among the studied two-aged stands, distribution of stands by diameter at breast height with 2 peaks (bimodality) is not observed. It has been found that the coefficients of diameter variation steadily decrease with the age of the tree stand (Pearson correlation coefficient r = – 0.57 at p = 0.003) and an increase in the proportion of linden in the forest stand (r = – 0.71 at p < 0.001), and the distribution series are characterized by right-sided asymmetry. Tree size diversity has been assessed based on cross-sectional area data using the Shannon, Simpson, Gini and Siipilehto indices. A comparison of the Shannon and Simpson indices has shown that the structural diversity of tree diameter has been more complex in two-aged forests compared to one-aged ones. Both indices have provided a clear division of the studied two-aged stands into 2 unimodal types of diameter distribution. The Gini index (0.28–0.52) has indicated a high level of structural diversity and has reached high values (0.48–0.52) when the diameter distribution has been close to downward sloping. Large values of the Siipilehto index (0.63–1.05) have confirmed the unimodality of the diameter distributions of the stands, including for the peak-shaped type. It has been concluded that cluster analysis and the use of indices of dimensional diversity of diameters allow a better understanding of the structure of linden forests, and the indices for linden stands should become part of their further forestry assessments.

Authors

Aydar К. Gabdelkhakov^1*, Candidate of Agriculture, Assoc. Prof.; ResearcherID: G-3023-2018, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-880X
Vladimir F. Konovalov¹, Doctor of Agriculture, Prof.; ResearcherID: G-2775-2018, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2020-5540
Zagir Z. Rakhmatullin¹, Candidate of Agriculture; ResearcherID: G-2247-2018, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-6726
Maria V. Martynova¹, Candidate of Agriculture, Assoc. Prof.; ResearcherID: G-4659-2018, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-8425
Ilyas I. Fazlutdinov², Leading Specialist; ResearcherID: C-9581-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0327-3752

Affiliation

¹Bashkir State Agrarian University, ul. 50-letiya Oktyabrya, 34, Ufa, 450001, Russian Federation; aliya201199@mail.ru*, vfkonovalov@bk.ru, zagir1983@mail.ru, maaarusssia@mail.ru

²Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Bashkortostan, ul. Lenina, 86, Ufa, 450006, Russian Federation; solnc2007@yandex.ru

Keywords

diameter distribution, indices, structural types, small-leaved linden, the Republic of Bashkortostan

For citation

Gabdelkhakov A.K., Konovalov V.F., Rakhmatullin Z.Z., Martynova M.V., Fazlutdinov I.I. Variability of Tree Diameters in Small-Leaved Linden Stands. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2025, no. 1, pp. 42–57. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2025-1-42-57

References

1. Gabdelkhakov А.K., Sitdikov M.R. Tilia cordata Mill Growth Rate in an Uneven-Aged Stand. Vestnik Bashkirskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik Bashkir State Agrarian University, 2013, no. 3, pp. 119–122. (In Russ.).
2. Gabdelkhakov A.K., Konovalov V.F., Rakhmatullin Z.Z., Blonskaya L.N., Fazlutdinov I.I. Biomass and Volume Estimation Models for Bark of Small-Leaved Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.). Lеsnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 5, pp. 21–36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-5-21-36
3. Barbu C.-O., Duduman G., Tomescu C.V. Variation Patterns of Forest Structure Diversity after Set-Aside in Rarău-Giumalău Mountains, Romania. Forests, 2023, vol. 14, no. 2, art. no. 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020251
4. Bílek L., Remeš J., Švec O., Zahradník D. On the Way to Continuous Cover Forest at Middle Elevations – the Question of Forest Structure and Specific Site Characteristics. Journal of Forest Science, 2013, vol. 59, iss. 10, pp. 391–397. https://doi.org/10.17221/57/2013-JFS
5. Bourdier T., Cordonnier T., Kunstler G., Piedallu C., Lagarrigues G., Courbaud B. Tree Size Inequality Reduces Forest Productivity: An Analysis Combining Inventory Data for Ten European Species and a Light Competition Model. PLoS One, 2016, vol. 11 (3), art. no. e0151852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151852
6. Burkhart H.E., Tomé M. Modeling Forest Trees and Stands. Springer Dordrecht, 2012. 458 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3170-9
7. Ciceu A., Pitar D., Badea O. Modeling the Diameter Distribution of Mixed Uneven-Aged Stands in the South Western Carpathians in Romania. Forests, 2021, vol. 12, no. 7, art. no. 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070958
8. Crow T.R., Buckley D.S., Nauertz E.A., Zasada J.C. Effects of Management on the Composition and Structure of Northern Hardwood Forests in Upper Michigan. Forest Science, 2002, vol. 48, iss. 1, pp. 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.1.129
9. Duduman G. A Forest Management Planning Tool to Create Highly Diverse Uneven-Aged Stands. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 2011, vol. 84, iss. 3, pp. 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr014
10. Duduman G., Tomescu C., Drăgoi M., Palaghianu C. Variabilitatea dimensională a arborilor şi diversitatea florei vasculare în amestecuri de răşinoase cu fag din rezervaţia Codrul secular Slătioara = Tree Size Variability and Plant Diversity in Mixed Coniferous-Beech Forests in Slâtioara Forest Reserve. Bucovina Forestieră, 2014, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 135–147. (In Rom.).
11. Fischer C., Mölder A. Trend to Increasing Structural Diversity in German Forests: Results from National Forest Inventories 2002 and 2012. Annals of Forest Science, 2017, vol. 74, art. no. 80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0675-5
12. Gabdelkhakov A., Rakhmatullin Z., Martynova M., Fazlutdinov I., Mullagaleev I. Evaluating Diameter Distribution Series of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) in Forest Stands. Plant Methods, 2021, vol. 17, art. no. 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00741-6
13. Hakkenberg C.R., Song C., Peet R.K., White P.S. Forest Structure as a Predictor of Tree Species Diversity in the North Carolina Piedmont. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, vol. 27, iss. 6, pp. 1151–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12451
14. Hui G., Pommerening A. Analysing Tree Species and Size Diversity Patterns in Multi-Species Uneven-Aged Forests of Northern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014, vol. 316, pp. 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.029
15. Jaworski A., Kołodziej Z., Bartkowicz L. Structure and Dynamics of Stands of Primeval Character Composed of the Little-Leaf Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) in the “Las lipowy 19. Obrożyska” Reserve (Southern Poland). Journal of Forest Science, 2005, vol. 51, iss. 7, pp. 283–304. https://doi.org/10.17221/4565-JFS
16. Johannes H.S., Sterba H. The Semi-Logarithmic Stem Number Distribution and the Gini-Index – Structural Diversity in “Balanced” DBH-Distributions. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 2018, vol. 135, no. 1, pp. 19–31.
17. Kadavý J., Kneifl M., Fedorová B., Bartůněk J. Evaluation of Transformation from Even-Aged to Selection Forest by Means of Gini Index. Journal of Forest Science, 2017, vol. 63, iss. 10, pp. 476–484. https://doi.org/10.17221/48/2017-jfs
18. Kara F. Comparison of Tree Diameter Distributions in Managed and Unmanaged Kazdağı Fir Forests. Silva Balcanica, 2021, vol. 22 (1), pp. 31–43. https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e58020
19. Keren S., Svoboda M., Janda P., Nagel T.A. Relationships between Structural Indices and Conventional Stand Attributes in an Old-Growth Forest in Southeast Europe. Forests, 2020, vol. 11, no. 1, art. no. 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010004
20. Lexerød N.L., Eid T. An Evaluation of Different Diameter Diversity Indices Based on Criteria Related to Forest Management Planning. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006, vol. 222, iss. 1–3, pp. 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.046
21. Liu F., Li F., Zhang L., Jin X. Modeling Diameter Distributions of Mixed-Species Forest Stands. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2014, vol. 29, iss. 7, pp. 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.960891
22. Maltamo M., Kangas A., Uuttera J., Torniainen T., Saramäki J. Comparison of Percentile Based Prediction Methods and the Weibull Distribution in Describing the Diameter Distribution of Heterogeneous Scots Pine Stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, vol. 133, iss. 3, pp. 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127 (99)00239-x
23. McCarthy J.W., Weetman G. Stand Structure and Development of an Insect-Mediated Boreal Forest Landscape. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, vol. 241, iss. 1–3, pp. 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.12.030
24. McElhinny C., Gibbons P., Brack C., Bauhus J. Forest and Woodland Stand Structural Complexity: Its Definition and Measurement. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, vol. 218, iss. 1–3, pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.034
25. Merganič J., Šmelko Š. Quantification of Tree Species Diversity in Forest Stands – Model BIODIVERSS. European Jounral of Forest Research, 2004, vol. 123, pp. 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-004-0032-8
26. Motz K., Sterba H., Pommerening A. Sampling Measures of Tree Diversity. Forest Ecology and Management, 2010, vol. 260, iss. 11, pp. 1985–1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.046
27. Ozcelik R., Gül A.U., Merganic J., Merganicova K. Tree Species Diversity and its Relationship to Stand Parameters and Geomorphology Features in the Eastern Black Sea Region Forests of Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 2008, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 291–298.
28. Ozdemir I., Norton D.A., Ozkan U.Y., Mert A., Senturk O. Estimation of Tree Size Diversity Using Object Oriented Texture Analysis and Aster Imagery. Sensors, 2008, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 4709–4724. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084709
29. Pach M., Podlaski R. Tree Diameter Structural Diversity in Central European Forests with Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica: Managed versus Unmanaged Forest Stands. Ecological Research, 2015, vol. 30, iss. 2, pp. 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1232-4
30. Podlaski R., Sobala T., Kocurek M. Patterns of Tree Diameter Distributions in Managed and Unmanaged Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. Forest Patches. Forest Ecology and Management, 2019, vol. 435, pp. 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.12.046
31. Rouvinen S., Kuuluvainen T. Tree Diameter Distributions in Natural and Managed Old Pinus sylvestris-Dominated Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, vol. 208, iss. 1–3, pp. 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.11.021
32. San-Miguel-Ayanz J., Ståhl G., Vidal C., Cienciala E., Korhonen K. Criterion 1: Maintetance and Appropriate Enhancement of Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles. FOREST EUROPE, UNECE, FAO 2011: State of Europe’s Forests 2011: Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe. Oslo, FOREST Europe Liaison Unit, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, 2011, pp. 17–27.
33. Siipilehto J., Sarkkola S., Mehtätalo L. Comparing Regression Estimation Techniques when Predicting Diameter Distributions of Scots Pine on Drained Peatlands. Silva Fennica, 2007, vol. 41, no. 2, art. no. 300. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.300
34. Sohrabi V., Rahmani R., Jabbari S., Moayeri H. Evaluation Structural Diversity of Carpinus betulus Stand in Golestan Province, North of Iran. Nusantara Bioscience, 2011, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 23–27. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n030104
35. Sterba H. Diversity Indices Based on Angle Count Sampling and Their Interrelationships when Used in Forest Inventories. Forestry, 2008, vol. 81, iss. 5, pp. 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpn010
36. Valbuena R., Packalén P., Martı ́n-Fernández S., Maltamo M. Diversity and Equitability Ordering Profiles Applied to Study Forest Structure. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, vol. 276, pp. 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.036
37. Valdés G.E., Agramont A.R.E., Vazquez-Lozada S., Todd F.S. Forest Harvesting Impacts on the Structure and Composition of Coniferous Forests in Mexico. Forests, 2021, vol. 12, no. 8, art. no. 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12081068
38. Varga P., Chen H.Y.H., Klinka K. Tree-Size Diversity between Single- and Mixed-Species Stands in Three Forest Types in Western Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2005, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-193