Climate Change and Its Impact on Adaptation and Intraspecific Variability of Conifer Species of the European North of Russia

Complete text of the article:

Download article (pdf, 0.5MB )

UDС

630*11:630*12

DOI:

10.37482/0536-1036-2022-2-9-25

Abstract

Current climate change is affecting forests and requires a specific forest management strategy. The review aims to analyze the impact of observed and projected climate change on the tree species adaptation response with regard to their intraspecific differentiation to determine the potential for further research and develop forest management adjustments in the Russian European North. The article shows that long-term responses in forest ecosystems are related not only to thermal shifts, but also to changes in moisture regime, insolation, distribution of pathogens, etc. Changes in forest ecosystems may involve physiological and genetic mutations in all species and be extended over several generations. Species must undergo evolutionary adaptation due to genetic mutations. With steady warming and changes in air and soil moisture regimes, forest productivity may increase due to a change in the growing season length, increasing photosynthetic activity. On the other hand, productivity is likely to decrease as a result of reduced precipitation and drought. Climatic changes over the vast territory of Russia will occur gradually, and their level will be different in geographically diverse regions. The forest-forming tree species will exhibit various short-term responses associated with the geographical location of the population and the climatic conditions under which the plants evolved during the stable climatic period following their dispersal in the Holocene. At the same time, inherited growth and development parameters will respond to changing climatic conditions, which will be determined by the geographical location of the forest species and their population characteristics. The differential response of tree species needs to be considered when planning forest management measures, adapting them to possible climatic changes.

---

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license • The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

Authors

Nadezhda A. Prozherina¹, Candidate of Biology, Senior Research Scientist; ResearcherID: A-5917-2013, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-7007
Elena N. Nakvasina², Doctor of Agriculture, Prof; ResearcherID: A-5165-2013, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-3975

Affiliation

¹N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russian Federation; e-mail: pronad1@yandex.ru
²Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation; е-mail: e.nakvasina@narfu.ru

Keywords

climate change, conifer species, environmental factors, phenotypic plasticity, intraspecific variability, geographic origins, European North of Russia

For citation

Prozherina N.A., Nakvasina E.N. Climate Change and Its Impact on Adaptation and Intraspecific Variability of Conifer Species of the European North of Russia. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2022, no. 2, pp. 9–25. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2022-2-9-25

References

1. Белоновская Е.А., Тишков А.А., Вайсфельд М.А., Глазов П.М., Кренке-мл. А.Н., Морозова О.В., Покровская И.В., Царевская Н.Г., Тертицкий Г.М. «Позеленение» Российской Арктики и современные тренды изменения ее биоты // Изв. Рос. акад. наук. Сер.: Географическая. 2016. № 3. С. 28–39. Belonovskaya E.A., Tishkov A.A., Vaisfeld M.A., Glazov P.M., Krenke Jr. A.N., Morozova O.V., Pokrovskaya I.V., Tsarevskaya N.G., Tertitskii G.M. “Greening” of the Russian Arctic and the Modern Trends of Transformation of Its Biota. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, 2016, no. 3, pp. 28–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2016-3-28-39

2. Волосевич И.В. Закономерности широтной изменчивости роста древесной растительности в лесах Европейского Севера и их практическое использование // Лесоводственные исследования на зонально-типологической основе. Архангельск: Арханг. ин-т леса и лесохимии, 1984. С. 27–38. Volosevich I.V. Patterns of Latitudinal Variability of Woody Vegetation Growth in the Forests of the European North and Their Practical Use. Forestry Research on a Zonal-Typological Basis. Arkhangelsk, AFFCI Publ., 1984, pp. 27–38.

3. Гончаренко Г.Г., Дробышевская В.В., Силин А.Е., Падутов В.Е. Генетические ресурсы сосен России и сопредельных государств // Докл. АН . 1996. Т. 346, № 3. С. 419–423. Goncharenko G.G., Drobyshevskaya V.V., Silin A.E., Padutov V.E. Genetic Resources of Pine Trees of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Doklady Academii nauk, 1996, vol. 346, no. 3, pp. 419–423.

4. Григорьев А., Щеголев А., Луговая Д. Глобальное изменение климата и адаптация к нему лесного комплекса Северо-Западного федерального округа России: использование опыта Швеции и Финляндии // Устойчивое лесопользование. 2019. № 2(58). С. 28–33. Grigor’yev A., Shchegolev A., Lugovaya D. Global Climate Change and Adaptation to It of the Forestry Complex of the North-West Federal District of Russia: Using the Experience of Sweden and Finland. Ustoychivoye lesopol’zovaniye, 2019, no. 2(58), pp. 28–33.

5. Грищенко И.В. Климат Архангельской области. Архангельск, 2017. 203 с. Grishchenko I.V. Climate of the Arkhangelsk Region. Arkhangelsk, 2017. 203 p.

6. Доклад об особенностях климата на территории Российской Федерации за 2020 год. М., 2021. 104 с. Report on Climate Patterns on the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2020. Moscow, 2021. 104 p.

7. Замолодчиков Д., Краев Г. Влияние изменений климата на леса России: зафиксированные воздействия и прогнозные оценки // Устойчивое лесопользование. 2016. № 4(48). С. 23–31. Zamolodchikov D., Krayev G. Climate Change Influence on the Forests of Russia: Recorded Impacts and Forecast Estimates. Ustoychivoye lesopol’zovaniye, 2016, no. 4(48), pp. 23–31.

8. Матьяш Ч. Генетические и экологические ограничения адаптации // Лесная генетика, селекция и физиология древесных растений. М., 1989. С. 60–67. Mat’yash Ch. Genetic and Ecological Restrictions of Adaptation. Forest Genetics, Selection and Physiology of Woody Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium. Moscow, 1989, pp. 60–67.

9. Наквасина Е.Н. Изменения в генеративной сфере сосны обыкновенной при имитации потепления климата // Изв. СПбЛТА. 2014. Вып. 209. С. 114–125. Nakvasina E.N. Changes in the Generative Sphere of Scots Pine under Imitation Warming. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii [News of the Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy], 2014, iss. 209, pp. 114–125.

10. Наквасина Е.Н., Юдина О.А., Покатило А.В. Ростовая и репродуктивная реакции Picea abies (L.) Karst. x P. obovata (Ledeb.) при имитации потепления климата // Вестн. Сев. (Арктич.) федер. ун-та. Сер.: Естеств. науки. 2016. № 1. С. 89–96. Nakvasina E.N., Yudina O.A., Pokatilo A.V. Growth and Reproductive Response of Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata Ledeb. in Climate Change Simulation. Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya: Estestvennyye nauki [Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series “Natural Sciences”], 2016, no. 1, pp. 89–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2227-6572.2016.1.89

11. Наквасина Е.Н., Прожерина Н.А., Чупров А.В., Беляев В.В. Реакция роста сосны обыкновенной на климатические изменения в широтном градиенте // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2018. № 5. С. 82–93. Nakvasina E.N., Prozherina N.А., Chuprov A.V., Belyaev V.V. Growth Response of Scots Pine to Climate Change in the Latitudinal Gradient. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2018, no. 5, pp. 82–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17238/issn0536-1036.2018.5.82

12. Наквасина Е.Н., Юдина О.А., Прожерина Н.А., Камалова И.И., Минин Н.С. Географические культуры в ген-экологических исследованиях на Европейском Севере. Архангельск: АГТУ, 2008. 308 с. Nakvasina E.N., Yudina O.A., Prozherina N.A., Kamalova I.I., Minin N.S. Provenance Trials in Gene-Ecological Researches in the European North. Arkhangelsk, ASTU Publ., 2008. 308 p.

13. Обзор санитарного и лесопатологического состояния лесов России за 2006 год. Пушкино: Рос. центр защиты леса, 2007. 160 с. Review of Sanitary and Forest Pathology State of Russian Forests in 2006. Pushkino, Russian Centre of Forest Health Publ., 2007. 160 p.

14. Попов П.П. Ель европейская и сибирская: структура, интеграция и дифференциация популяционных систем. Новосибирск: Наука, 2005. 231 с. Popov P.P. European Spruce and Siberian Spruce: The Structure, Integration and Differentiation of the Population Systems. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 2005. 231 p.

15. Aakala T., Kuuluvainen T. Summer Droughts Depress Radial Growth of Picea abies in Pristine Taiga of the Arkhangelsk Province, Northwestern Russia Dendrochronologia, 2011, vol. 29, iss. 2, pp. 67–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2010.07.001

16. Ainsworth E.A., Long S.P. What Have We Learned from 15 Years of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Responses of Photosynthesis, Canopy Properties and Plant Production to Rising CO2. New Phytologist, 2005, vol. 165, iss. 2, pp. 351–372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x

17. Aitken S.N., Yeaman S., Holliday J.A., Wang T., Curtis-McLane S. Adaptation, Migration or Extirpation: Climate Change Outcomes for Tree Populations. Evolutionary Applications, 2008, vol. 1, iss. 1, pp. 95–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x

18. Alberto F., Aitken S.N., Alía R., González-Martínez S.C., Hänninen H., Kremer A., Lefèvre F., Lenormand T., Yeaman S., Whetten R., Savolainen O. Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change – Evidence from tree populations. Global Change Biology, 2013, vol. 19, pp. 1645–1661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12181

19. Anderegg W.R.L., Hicke J.A., Fisher R.A., Allen C.D., Aukema J., Bentz B., et al. Tree Mortality from Drought, Insects, and Their Interactions in a Changing Climate. New Phytologist, 2015, vol. 208, iss. 3, pp. 674–683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13477

20. Anderson J.T., Gezon Z.J. Plasticity in Functional Traits in the Context of Climate Change: A Case Study of the Subalpine Forb Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). Global Change Biology, 2015, vol. 21, iss. 4, pp. 1689–1703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12770

21. Andersson G.B., Persson T., Fedorkov A., Mullin T.J. Longitudinal Differences in Scots Pine Shoot Elongation. Silva Fennica, 2018, vol. 52, no. 5, art. 10040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10040

22. Baythavong B.S., Stanton M.L. Characterizing Selection on Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Natural Environmental Heterogeneity. Evolution, 2010, vol. 64, iss. 10, pp. 2904–2920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01057.x

23. Beaulieu J., Rainville A. Adaptation to Climate Change: Genetic Variation Is Both a Short- and a Long-Term Solution. The Forestry Chronicle, 2005, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 704–709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc81704-5

24. Brown C.D., Vellend M. Non-Climatic Constraints on Upper Elevational Plant Range Expansion under Climate Change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014, vol. 281, iss. 1794, art. 20141779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1779

25. Carja O., Plotkin J.B. Evolutionary Rescue through Partly Heritable Phenotypic Variability. Genetics, 2019, vol. 211, iss. 3, pp. 977–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301758

26. Chang C.Y., Fréchette E., Unda F., Mansfield S.D., Ensminger I. Elevated Temperature and CO2 Stimulate Late-Season Photosynthesis But Impair Cold Hardening in Pine. Plant Physiology, 2016, vol. 172, iss. 2, pp. 802–818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00753

27. Correia I., Alía R., Yan W., David T., Aguiar A., Almeida M.H. Genotype × Environment Interactions in Pinus pinaster at Age 10 in a Multienvironment Trial in Portugal: A Maximum Likelihood Approach. Annals of Forest Science, 2010, vol. 67, art. 612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010025

28. Dai Z., Edwards G.E., Ku M.S. Control of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance in Ricinus communis L. (Castor Bean) by Leaf to Air Vapour Pressure Deficit. Plant Physiology, 1992, vol. 99, iss. 4, pp. 1426–1434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.99.4.1426

29. De Luis M., Čufar K., Di Filippo A., Novak K., Papadopoulos A., Piovesan G., Rathgeber C.B.K., Raventós J., Saz M.A., Smith K.T. Plasticity in Dendroclimatic Response across the Distribution Range of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). PLoS ONE, 2013, vol. 8, iss. 12, art. e83550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083550

30. Devi N., Hagedorn F., Moiseev P., Bugmann H., Shiyatov S., Mazepa V., Rigling A. Expanding Forests and Changing Growth Forms of Siberian Larch at the Polar Urals Treeline during the 20th Century. Global Change Biology, 2008, vol. 14, iss. 7, pp. 1581–1591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01583.x

31. Dyderski M.K., Paź S., Frelich L.E., Jagodziński A.M. How Much Does Climate Change Threaten European Forest Tree Species Distributions? Global Change Biology, 2018, vol. 24, iss. 3, pp. 1150–1163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13925

32. Enoki T., Takagi M., Ugawa S., Nabeshima E., Ishii H. Regional and Topographic Growth Variation among 45-Year-Old Clonal Plantations of Cryptomeria japonica: Effects of Genotype and Phenotypic Plasticity. Journal of Forest Research, 2020, vol. 25, iss. 5, pp. 329–338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2020.1767267

33. Frank A., Pluess A.R., Howe G.T., Sperisen C., Heiri C. Quantitative Genetic Differentiation and Phenotypic Plasticity of European Beech in a Heterogeneous Landscape: Indications for Past Climate Adaptation. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 2017, vol. 26, pp. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2017.02.001

34. Fréchette E., Chang C.Y.-Y., Ensminger I. Variation in the Phenology of Photosynthesis among Eastern White Pine Provenances in Response to Warming. Global Change Biology, 2020, vol. 26, iss. 9, pp. 5217–5234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15150

35. Fréjaville T., Vizcaíno‐Palomar N., Fady B., Kremer A., Garzón M.B. Range Margin Populations Show High Climate Adaptation Lags in European Trees. Global Change Biology, 2020, vol. 26, iss. 2, pp. 484–495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14881

36. Fu Y.-Bi., Peterson G.W., Horbach C., Konkin D.J., Beiles A., Nevo E. Elevated Mutation and Selection in Wild Emmer Wheat in Response to 28 Years of Global Warming. PNAS, 2019, vol. 116(40), pp. 20002–20008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909564116

37. Garzón M.B., Alía R., Robson T.M., Zavala M.A. Intra-Specific Variability and Plasticity Influence Potential Tree Species Distributions under Climate Change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2011, vol. 20, iss. 5, pp. 766–778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00646.x

38. Gomez-Mestre I., Jovani R. A Heuristic Model on the Role of Plasticity in Adaptive Evolution: Plasticity Increases Adaptation, Population Viability and Genetic Variation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2013, vol. 280, iss. 1771, art. 20131869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1869

39. Gray C.A., Runyon J.B., Jenkins M.J. Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Volatiles as a Climate Change Signal across Environmental Gradients. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2019, vol. 2. 10 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00010

40. Hart J.L., van de Gevel S.L., Sakulich J., Grissino-Maye H.D. Influence of Climate and Disturbance on the Growth of Tsuga canadensis at Its Southern Limit in Eastern North America. Trees, 2010, vol. 24, pp. 621–633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0432-y

41. Huang J-G., Bergeron Y., Berninger F., Zhai L., Tardif J.C., Denneler B. Impact of Future Climate on Radial Growth of Four Major Boreal Tree Species in the Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest. PLoS ONE, 2013, vol. 8, iss. 2, art. e56758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056758

42. Hyvönen R., Ågren G.I., Linder S., Persson T., Cotrufo F., Ekblad A., et al. The Likely Impact of Elevated [CO2], Nitrogen Deposition, Increased Temperature and Management on Carbon Sequestration in Temperate and Boreal Forest Ecosystems: A Literature Review. New Phytologist, 2007, vol. 173, iss. 3, pp. 463–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x

43. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Ed. by the Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri, L.A. Meyer. Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 2015. 151 p.

44. Kapeller S., Lexer M.J., Geburek T., Hiebl J., Schueler S. Intraspecific Variation in Climate Response of Norway Spruce in the Eastern Alpine Range: Selecting Appropriate Provenances for Future Climate. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, vol. 271, pp. 46–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.039

45. Kelly M. Adaptation to Climate Change through Genetic Accommodation and Assimilation of Plastic Phenotypes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2019, vol. 374, iss. 1768, art. 20180176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0176

46. Kijowska-Oberc J., Staszak A.M., Kamiński J., Ratajczak E. Adaptation of Forest Trees to Rapidly Changing Climate. Forests, 2020, vol. 11, no. 2, art. 123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020123

47. Kramer R.D., Ishii H.R., Carter K.R., Miyazaki Y., Cavaleri M.A., Araki M.G., Azuma W.A., Inoue Y., Hara C. Predicting Effects of Climate Change on Productivity and Persistence of Forest Trees. Ecological Research, 2020, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 562–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12127

48. Kremer A., Ronce O., Robledo-Arnuncio J.J., Guillaume F., Bohrer G., Nathan R., et al. Long-Distance Gene Flow and Adaptation of Forest Trees to Rapid Climate Change. Ecology Letters, 2012, vol. 15, iss. 4, pp. 378–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01746.x

49. Kusi J., Karsai I. Plastic Leaf Morphology in Three Species of Quercus: The More Exposed Leaves Are Smaller, More Lobated and Denser. Plant Species Biology, 2020, vol. 35, iss. 1, pp. 24–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12253

50. Leites L.P., Robinson A.P., Rehfeldt G.E., Marshall J.D., Crookston N.L. Height- Growth Response to Climatic Changes Differs among Populations of Douglas-Fir: A Novel Analysis of Historic Data. Ecological Applications, 2012, vol. 22, iss. 1, pp. 154–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0150.1

51. Levkoev E., Mehtätalo L., Luostarinen K., Pulkkinen P., Zhigunov A., Peltola H. Development of Height Growth and Frost Hardiness for One-Year-Old Norway Spruce Seedlings in Greenhouse Conditions in Response to Elevated Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 Concentration. Silva Fennica, 2018, vol. 52, no. 3, art. 9980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.9980

52. Linkosalo T., Heikkinen J., Pulkkinen P., Mäkipää R. Fluorescence Measurements Show Stronger Cold Inhibition of Photosynthetic Light Reactions in Scots Pine Compared to Norway Spruce as Well as during Spring Compared to Autumn. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014, vol. 5, art. 264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00264

53. Markov A.V., Ivnitsky S.B. Evolutionary Role of Phenotypic Plasticity. Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin, 2016, vol. 71, iss. 4, pp. 185–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0096392516040076

54. Matías L., Jump A.S. Impacts of Predicted Climate Change on Recruitment at the Geographical Limits of Scots Pine. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2014, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 299–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert376

55. Mátyás Cs. Migratory, Genetic and Phenetic Response Potential of Forest Tree Populations Facing Climate Change. Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 33–46.

56. Nakvasina E., Demina N., Prozherina N., Demidova N. Assessment of Phenotypic Plasticity of Spruce Species Picea abies (L.) Karst. and P. obovata (Ledeb.) on Provenances Tests in European North of Russia. Central European Forestry Journal, 2019, vol. 65, pp. 121–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2019-0012

57. Nakvasina E.N., Demina N.A., Prozherina N.A. Evaluation of Survival and Growth of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Picea obovata Ledeb. Provenances in the North of Russia. Journal of Forest Science, 2017, vol. 63, iss. 9, pp. 401–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/74/2017-JFS

58. Nakvasina E.N., Volkov A.G., Prozherina N.A. Provenance Experiment with Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Picea obovata (Ledeb.)) in the North of Russia (Arkhangelsk Region). Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2017, vol. 59, iss. 3, pp. 219–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2017-0023

59. Nicotra A.B., Atkin O.K., Bonser S.P., Davidson A.M., Finnegan E.J., Mathesius U., Poot P., Purugganan M.D., Richards C.L., Valladares F., van Kleunen M. Plant Phenotypic Plasticity in a Changing Climate. Trends in Plant Science, 2010, vol. 15, iss. 12, pp. 684–692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008

60. Oleksyn J., Tjoelker M.G., Reich P.B. Adaptation to Changing Environment in Scots Pine Populations across a Latitudinal Gradient. Silva Fennica, 1998, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 129–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.691

61. Oleksyn J., Wyka T.P., Żytkowiak R., Zadworny M., Mucha J., Dering M., Ufnalski K., Nihlgård B., Reich P.B. A Fingerprint of Climate Change across Pine Forests of Sweden. Ecology Letters, 2020, vol. 23, iss. 12, pp. 1739–1746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13587

62. Pakharkova N.V., Kuzmina N.A., Kuzmin S.R., Efremov A.A. Morphophysiological Traits of Needles in Different Climatypes of Scots Pine in Provenance Trial. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2014, vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 84–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425514010107

63. Penuelas J., Fernández-Martínez M., Vallicrosa H., Maspons J., Zuccarini P., Carnicer J., Sanders T.G.M., Krüger I., Obersteiner M., Janssens I.A., Ciais P., Sardans J. Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Correlate with Declining Nutritional Status of European Forests. Communications Biology, 2020, vol. 3, iss. 1, art. 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0839-y

64. Prescher F., Ståhl E.G. The Effect of Provenance and Spacing on Stem Straightness and Number of Spike Knots of Scots Pine in South and Central Sweden. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 1986, no. 172. 12 p.

65. Rehfeldt G.E., Tchebakova N.M., Milyutin L.I., Parfenova E.I., Wykoff W.R., Kouzmina N.A. Assessing Population Responses to Climate in Pinus sylvestris and Larix spp. of Eurasia with Climate-Transfer Models. Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 2003, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 83–98.

66. Rehfeldt G.E., Tchebakova N.M., Parfenova Ye.I., Wykoff W.R., Kuzmina N.A., Milyutin L.I. Intraspecific Responses to Climate in Pinus sylvestris. Global Change Biology, 2002, vol. 8, iss. 9, pp. 912–929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00516.x

67. Rennenberg H., Loreto F., Polle A., Brilli F., Fares S., Beniwal R.S., Gessler A. Physiological Responses of Forest Trees to Heat and Drought. Plant Biology, 2006, vol. 8, iss. 5, pp. 556–571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924084

68. Rosenvald K., Lõhmus K., Rohula‑Okunev G., Lutter R., Kupper P., Tullus A. Elevated Atmospheric Humidity Prolongs Active Growth Period and Increases Leaf Nitrogen Resorption Efficiency of Silver Birch. Oecologia, 2020, vol. 193, pp. 449–460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04688-8

69. Rosenvald K., Tullus A., Ostonen I., Uri V., Kupper P., Aosaar J., Varik M., Sõber J., Niglas A., Hansen R., Rohula G., Kukk M., Sõber A., Lõhmus K. The Effect of Elevated Air Humidity on Young Silver Birch and Hybrid Aspen Biomass Allocation and Accumulation – Acclimation Mechanisms and Capacity. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014, vol. 330, pp. 252–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.016

70. Savolainen O., Bokma F., Garcı́a-Gil R., Komulainen P., Repob T. Genetic Variation in Cessation of Growth and Frost Hardiness and Consequences for Adaptation of Pinus sylvestris to Climatic Changes. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, vol. 197, iss. 1-3, pp. 79–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.006

71. Saxe H., Cannell M.G.R., Johnsen Ø., Ryan M.G., Vourlitis G. Tree and Forest Functioning in Response to Global Warming. New Phytologist, 2001, vol. 149, iss. 3, pp. 369–399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x

72. Sellin A., Alber M., Keinänen M., Kupper P., Lihavainen J., Lõhmus K., Oksanen E., Sõber A., Sõber J., Tullus A. Growth of Northern Deciduous Trees under Increasing Atmospheric Humidity: Possible Mechanisms behind the Growth Retardation. Regional Environmental Change, 2017, vol. 17, pp. 2135–2148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1042-z

73. Shiyatov S.G., Mazepa V.S. Contemporary Expansion of Siberian Larch into the Mountain Tundra of the Polar Urals. Russian Journal of Ecology, 2015, vol. 46, iss. 6, pp. 495–502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067413615060168

74. Shutyaev A.M., Giertych M.J. Height Growth Variation in a Comprehensive Eurasian Provenance Experiment of (Pinus sylvestris L.). Silvae Genetica, 1998, vol. 46, iss. 6, pp. 332–349.

75. Sturrock R.N., Frankel S.J., Brown A.V., Hennon P.E., Kliejunas J.T., Lewis K.J., Worrall J.J., Woods A.J. Climate Change and Forest Diseases. Plant Pathology, 2011, vol. 60, iss. 1, pp. 133–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02406.x

76. Tchebakova N.M., Kuzmina N.A., Parfenova E.I., Senashova V.A., Kuzmin S.R. Assessment of Climatic Limits of Needle Cast-Affected Area under Climate Change in Central Siberia. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2016, vol. 9, iss. 6, pp. 721–729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425516060135

77. Tinker B.P., Nye P. Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001. 444 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.001.0001

78. Tullus A., Kupper P., Kaasik A., Tullus H., Lõhmus K., Sõber A., Sellin A. The Competitive Status of Trees Determines Their Responsiveness to Increasing Atmospheric Humidity – a Climate Trend Predicted for Northern Latitudes. Global Change Biology, 2017, vol. 23, iss. 5, pp. 1961–1974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13540

79. Vejpustková M., Cihák T. Climate Response of Douglas Fir Reveals Recently Increased Sensitivity to Drought Stress in Central Europe. Forests, 2019, vol. 10, iss. 2, art. 97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020097

80. Wang M.H., Wang J.R., Zhang X.W., Zhang A.P., Sun S., Zhao C.M. Phenotypic Plasticity of Stomatal and Photosynthetic Features of Four Picea Species in Two Contrasting Common Gardens. AoB PLANTS, 2019, vol. 11, iss. 4, art. plz034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz034

81. Wu C., Shen J., Chen D., Du C., Sun X., Zhang S. Estimating the Distribution Characters of Larix kaempferi in Response to Climate Change. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2020, vol. 13, iss. 6, pp. 499–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3570-013