Zonality of Forest Fuels and Their Pyrogenic Transformation in Pine Forests of Central Siberia

Complete text of the article:

Download article (pdf, 1MB )

UDС

630*431

DOI:

10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-9-26

Abstract

Fires in the forests of Siberia occur annually and cause enormous damage to natural resources. Therefore, studies of the natural forest fire hazard, one of the components of which are forest fuels, are relevant. The research carried out on 53 sites in the pine forests growing along the Yenisei meridian transect revealed that surface fuel loads in pine stands of different zones of Central Siberia are defined by geographical latitude and increase from the forest-steppe zone to the northern taiga subzone. The largest forest fuel loads are concentrated in the pine stands of the northern and middle taiga. Their composition is dominated by loads of duff, the fraction of which in surface fuel loads increases from the forest-steppe zone (57.4 %) to the northern taiga zone (71.3 %). The obtained dynamic equations of the reserves of grass-shrub understory over the season may be applicable to grassy types of pine forests. Combustion of surface forest fuels in pine forests during surface fires of different intensity varies from 10.8 to 31.4 t/ha, which is from 26.1 to 74.1 % of their loads before the fire. The intensity of fires determines not only the number of burned forest fuels, but also their post-pyrogenic accumulation regardless of zonal and environmental conditions. The variation of fuel loads in forest areas is related to pyrogenic effects and the recovery period after the last fire, as well as to the mosaic distribution of living ground vegetation. Equations of accumulation of surface forest fuels after fires of different intensity that can be applied to pine forests of Central Siberia are developed. A change of dominants in the ground cover and a decrease in the productivity of the grass-shrub understory occurs in a long-term absence of fires in pine forests. The development of moss cover contributes to the decrease in litter reserves. The data obtained on the loads of surface forest fuels and their transformation during a fire provide the basis for understanding and simulation fire behavior, estimating emissions and impacts of fires on fuel loads, and can be used for improvement the existing global and regional models.

Authors

G.A. Ivanova¹, Doctor of Biology; ResearcherID: R-8916-2016,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-8106 
V.A. Ivanov², Doctor of Agriculture, Prof.; ResearcherID: AAE-3176-2019,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6201-2133

Affiliation

¹Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the RAS – Division of Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the RAS”, ul. Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation; e-mail: gaivanova@ksc.krasn.ru
²Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, ul. Mira, 82, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russian Federation; e-mail: ivanovv53@yandex.ru

Keywords

forest fires, forest fuels, loads, surface forest fuels, fire intensity, pine forests, Central Siberia

Funding

The research was supported by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant projects No. 07-04-00562 and 19-58-80002 BRICS-t).

For citation

Ivanova G.A., Ivanov V.A. Zonality of Forest Fuels and Their Pyrogenic Transformation in Pine Forests of Central Siberia. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 4, pp. 9–26. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-9-26

References

1. Bezkorovainaya I.N., Ivanova G.A., Tarasov P.A., Sorokin N.D., Bogorodskaya A.V., Ivanov V.A., Konard S.G., McRae D.J. Pyrogenic Transformation of Pine Stand Soil in Middle Taiga of Krasnoyarsk Region. Sibirskij Ekologicheskij Zhurnal [Siberian Journal of Ecology, 2005, no. 1, pp. 143–152].
2. Bugakova T.M., Buzykin A.I. Microflora and Bioactivity of Pine Forest Litter of the Angara Region. Microbial Associations in Forest Biogeocenoses. Krasnoyarsk, ILID SO AN SSSR Publ., 1983, pp. 101–115.
3. Buryak L.V., Luzganov A.G., Matveev P.M., Kalenskaya O.P.   The Influence of Ground Fires on the Formation of Coniferous Plantations in the South of Central Siberia. Krasnoyarsk, SibSAU Publ., 2003. 195 p.
4. Gorshkov V.V., Stavrova N.I., Bakkal I.Yu. Post-Fire Restoration of Forest Litter in Boreal Pine Forests. Lesovedenie [Russian Journal of Forest Science], 2005, no. 3, pp. 37–45.
5. Gorbachev V.N., Popova E.P., Sorokin N.D., Dmitrienko V.K. Soil-Ecological Studies in Forest Biogeocenoses. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1982. 185 p.
6. Dichenkov N.A. Geographical Reserves of Forest Fuels. Lesokhozyaystvennaya informatsiya [Forestry information], 1992, iss. 257, pp. 156–160.
7. Evdokimenko M.D. Dynamics of Litter in the Pine Forests of the Transbaikal Region after Surface Fires. Role of Litter in Forest Biogeocenoses. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1983. 62 p.
8. Ivanova G.A., Ivanov A.V. The Zone-Geographical Features of Forest Fires in Pine Forests of Central Siberia. Fires in Forest Ecosystems of Siberia: Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference with International Participation. Krasnoyarsk, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS Publ., 2008, pp. 132–133.
9. Ivanova G.A., Conard S.G., McRae D.J., Bezkorovayanay I.N., Bogorodskaya A.V., Zhila S.V., Ivanov V.A., Ivanov A.V., Kovaleva N.M., Krasnoshchekova E.N., Kukavskaya E.A., Oreshkov D.N., Perevoznikova V.D., Samsonov Yu.N., Sorokin N.D., Tarasov P.A., Tsvetkov P.A., Shishikin A.S. The Impact of Fires on the Ecosystem Components of the Central Taiga Pine Forests of Siberia. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 2014. 232 p.
10. Ivanova G.A., Zhila S.V., Kukavskaya E.A., Ivanov V.A. The Post-Fire Transformation of Forest Stand Рhytomass in Plantations of the Lower Angara Region. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal, 2016, no. 6, pp.17–32]. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2016.6.17, URL: http://lesnoizhurnal.ru/upload/iblock/e8a/17_32.pdf
11. Kurbatskiy N.P. Studies of Loading and Characteristics of Forest Fuels. Issues of Forest Pyrology. Krasnoyarsk, ILiD Publ., 1970, pp. 5–58.
12. Kurbatskiy N.P. Terminology of Forest Pyrology. Issues of Forest Pyrology. Krasnoyarsk, ILiD Publ., 1972, pp. 171–231.
13. Kurbatskiy N.P., Ivanova G.A. Fire Hazard of Pine Forest-Steppe and Ways to Reduce It. Krasnoyarsk, ILiD Publ., 1987. 113 p.
14. Lashchinskiy N.N. Structure and Dynamics of Pine Forests of the Lower Angara Region. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981. 272 p.
15. Forest Ecosystems of the Yenisei Meridian. Ed. by F.I. Pleshikov. Novosibirsk, SB RAS Publ., 2002. 356 p.
16. Melekhov I.S. On the Deposition of Forest Litter, Depending on the Forest Type. Trudy ALTI, 1957, iss. 17, pp. 124–137.
17. Molchanov A.A. The Productivity of Organic Matter in Forests of Various Zones. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1971. 275 p.
18. Musin M.Z. Forest Fires in the Woods of the Kazakh Upland and Their Prevention: Cand. Agric. Sci. Diss. Abs. Krasnoyarsk, 1974. 24 p.
19. Pozdnyakov L.K., Protopopov V.V., Gorbatenko V.M. Biological Productivity of the Forests in Central Siberia and Yakutia. Krasnoyarsk, ILiD SO AN SSSR Publ., 1969. 155 p.
20. Popova E.P. Features of Soil Formation in the Forest Biogeocenoses of the Angara Region Depending on Duration of Fires. Genesis and Geography of Forest Soils. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1980, pp. 40–52.
21. Semechkina M.G. The Structure of Phytomass of Pine Forests. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1978. 165 p.
22. Sofronov M.A., Baranov N.M. Distribution by Area of Stocks of Moss, Litter and duff. Forest Fire Simulation and Protection. Krasnoyarsk, ILiD SO AN SSSR Publ., 1979, pp. 99–108.
23. Centra Siberia. Ed. by I.P. Gerasimov. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1964. 480 p.
24. Sheshukov M.A. To the Issue of Making Fire Maps. Collection of Academic Papers of DalNIILH. 1966, iss. 8, pp. 407–416.
25. Shcherbakov I.P., Zabelin O.F., Karpel B.A. Forest Fires in Yakutia and Their Influence on the Forest Nature. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1979. 224 p.
26. Albini F.A. Estimating Wildfire Behavior and Effects. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-30. Ogden, UT, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1976. 92 p.
27. Alexander M.E., Lawson B.D., Stocks B.J., Van Wagner C.E. User Guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System: Rate of Spread Relationships. Ottawa, ON, Canadian Forest Service Fire Danger Group, 1984. 73 p.
28. Alexander M.E., Stocks B.J., Lawson B.D. Fire Behavior in Black Spruce-Lichen Woodland: The Porter Lake Project. Information Report NOR-X-310. Edmonton, AB, Northern Forestry Centre, 1991. 44 p.
29. Anderson H.E. Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior. General Technical Report INT-122. Ogden, UT, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1982. 22 p.
30. Brown J.K. A Planar Intersect Method for Sampling Fuel Volume and Surface Area. Forest Science, 1971, vol. 17(1), pp. 96–102.
31. Deeming J.E., Burgan R.E., Cohen J.D. The National Fire-Danger Rating System. General Technical Report INT-39. Ogden, UT, USDA Forest Service, 1978. 66 p.
32. Kukavskaya E.A., Ivanova G.A., Conard S.G., McRae D.J., Ivanov V.A. Biomass Dynamics of Central Siberian Scots Pine Forests Following Surface Fires of Varying Severity. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2014, vol. 23(6), pp. 872–876. DOI: 10.1071/WF13043
33. McRae D.J., Alexander M.E., Stocks B.J. Measurement and Description of Fuels and Fire Behavior on Prescribed Burns: A Handbook. Information Report O-X-287. Marie, ON, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, 1979. 44 p.
34. McRae D.J., Conard S.G., Ivanova G.A., Sukhinin A.I., Baker S.P., Samsonov Y.N. et al. Variability of Fire Behavior Fire Effects and Emissions in Scotch Pine Forests of Central Siberia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2006, vol. 11, pp. 45–74. DOI: 10.1007/s11027-006-1008-4
35. Morgan P., Hrady C.C., Swetnam T.W., Rollins M.G., Long D.G. Mapping Fire Regimes across Time and Space: Understanding Coarse and Fine-Scale Fire Patterns. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2001, vol. 10(4), pp. 329–342. DOI: 10.1071/WF01032
36. Ottmar R.D., Sandberg D.V., Riccardi C.L., Prichard S.J. An Overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System – Quantifying, Classifying, and Creating Fuelbeds for Resource Planning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2007, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 2383–2393. DOI: 10.1139/X07-077
37. Van Wagner C.E. The Line Intersect Method in Forest Fuel Sampling. Forest Science, 1968, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 20–26.
38. Walker J.D., Stocks B.J. The Fuel Complex of Mature and Immature Jack Pine Stands in Ontario. Information Report O-X-229. Marie, ON, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, 1975. 19 p.

Received on December 9, 2019