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B.V. Babikov, M.B. Subota Complete text of the article:Download article (pdf, 2.1MB )UDС630*385.114DOI:10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-27-39AbstractWetlands in the Russian Forest Fund occupy more than 12 % of the country’s territory exceeding 100 mln ha. These are primarily afforested swamps with low-quality forest stands. A significant part of raised bogs is generally forestless. Meanwhile, about 60 % of the eutrophic and mesotrophic swamps are potentially rich. Here, only excess of water interferes with successful forest growth. The world forestry has accumulated wide experience in regulation of soil water retention through irrigation improvement and drainage. In Russia there are classic examples when stands of the 1st quality class grew in the large (several thousands of hectares) areas after irrigation improvement. One such case is the Kheynovskoye swamp with an area of over 2 ths. ha located in the Lisino training and experimental forest of the Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University and drained in 1847. However, there are enough cases of unsuccessful drainage. The better half of the drained swamps before drainage were grown over with forests. Irrigation improvement has turned around the growth conditions of all stands existed before drainage, but in poor eutrophic swamps forest growth is insufficient. The research purpose was to study brand new stands in the drained territory taking into account the whole formation cycle of the biotope and its change with time. In order to get that done, a pilot plot was laid out on a eutrophic-mesotrophic treeless peat, where drainage was carried out using a frequent network of small grooves (furrows). They were dug with the help of a double moldboard (trench digger) and directed into the channels of the drainage network, thus providing for constant water drainage. Forest plantations were laid out on the layers formed along the furrows with the participation of the author. We had been assessing changes in the stand condition each 5–10 years for almost 60 years. The studies have shown that in the first years after removal of excess water and better soil warming, sedimentation and depletion of peat occurred. At a depth of 0.4–0.5 m in 20 years after planting the trees, the depth of peat decreased by almost 2 times. The living ground cover has changed under the influence of drainage and the developed stand. The initial (swamp) type of soil formation was replaced with soddy soil. High-quality heavyproducing plantation was formed. When comparing the parameters of the created artificial plantation with the stands of natural origin according to the growth course tables, it was found that the stock of the created stands at the age of 50 is almost twice higher than the stock of natural stands. It can be assumed that when growing wood pulp for its intended purposes in 100 years two yields can be harvested. Changes in peat soil have taken place during the last 50 years. The carbon (C) content decreased and the total nitrogen (N) content increased due to the intensive decomposition of peat, as evidenced by the decrease in the ratio of C:N. Structure developed in peat soil. The beginning of podzol-forming is noticed. Probably, the actual and hydrolytic acidity have increased due to the needle litter.AuthorsB.V. Babikov, Doctor of Agriculture, Prof.; ResearcherID: AAM-9500-2020,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-572X M.B. Subota, Candidate of Agriculture, Assoc. Prof.; ResearcherID: AAM-9484-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3721-8604 AffiliationSaint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutskiy per., 5, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation; e-mail: subota_m@mail.ru, babikov_boris32@mail.ruKeywordsbiotope, irrigation improvement, water balance, water supply, drainage rateFor citationBabikov B.V., Subota M.B. Formation and Dynamics of the Biotope of Pine Plantations on Peat Soils after Irrigation Improvement. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry ournal], 2020, no. 4, pp. 27–39. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-27-39References1. Babikov B.V. The Air Composition of Peat Soils and Its Effect on the Growth of Pine Plantations. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal, 1963, no. 6, pp. 14–19. URL: http://lesnoizhurnal.ru/apxiv/1963.pdf2. Babikov B.V. Air Conditions of Soils of Drained Transitional Swamp. Nature of Swamps and Methods for Their Study. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1967, pp. 145–150. 3. Babikov B.V. Ecology of Pine Forests in Drained Swamps. Saint Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2004. 166 p. 4. Babikov B.V. Water Discharge from the Wooded Bogs. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2012, no. 4, pp. 14–17. URL: http://lesnoizhurnal.ru/upload/iblock/61f/qfzb2.pdf 5. Babikov B.V. Mires in the Forests of Russia and Their Use. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2014, no. 6, pp. 9–19. URL: http://lesnoizhurnal.ru/upload/iblock/3e4/1-_-bolota-v-lesakh-rossii-i-ikh-ispolzovanie.pdf 6. Babikov B.V. The Hydrological Role of Wetlands and Water Supply of Rivers. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal, 2018, no. 5, pp. 38–47]. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2018.5.38, URL: http://lesnoizhurnal.ru/upload/iblock/502/38_47.pdf 7. Babikov B.V., Kolesnikov Yu.E. Formation of the Root Systems of Pine Plantations on Drained Peat Soils. Lesnoye khozyastvo, 1997, no. 4, pp. 39–40. 8. Vomperskiy S.E. Biological Basis for Forest Drainage Efficiency. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968. 312 p. 9. Forest Inventory Book for the North-West. Editor-in-Chief A.T. Moshkalev. Leningrad, LTA Publ., 1984. 320 p. 10. Lopatin V.D. Gladkoye Boloto (Peat Deposit and Swamp Facies). Essays on the Vegetation of the USSR. Uchenyye zapiski LTU, 1954, no. 166, Seriya: Geograficheskiye nauki, iss. 9, pp. 95–181. 11. Moiseev V.S. Inventory of Young Growth. Leningrad, LTA Publ., 1971. 344 p. 12. Pakhuchiy V.V. Soil Water Retention in Coniferous Stands on Old Drained Peatlands. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1975. 72 p. 13. Sibireva M.D., Vernander T.B. Determination of Forest Types by Guide Plants. Moscow, Goslesbumizdat Publ., 1957. 148 p. 14. Tseplyayev V.P. Forests of the USSR. Moscow, Sel’khokhgiz Publ., 1961. 465 p. 15. Cline R.A., Ericson A.C. The Effect of Oxigen Diffusion Rate and Applied Fertilizer on the Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Peats. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1959, vol. 23, iss. 5, pp. 333–335. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300050009x 16. Heikurainen L. The Influence of Forest Drainage on Growth and Removal in Finland. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 1961, vol. 71, no. 8, art. 7117. DOI: 10.14214/aff.7117 17. Jenny H., Gessel S.P., Bingham F.T. Comparative Study of Decomposition Rates of Organic Matter in Temperate and Tropical Regions. Soil Science, 1949, vol. 68, iss. 6, pp. 419–432. 18. Kramer P.J., Jackson W.L. Causes of Injury to Flooded Tobacco Plants. Plant Physiology, 1954, vol. 29, iss. 3, pp. 241–245. DOI: 10.1104/pp.29.3.241 19. Meshechok B. From Experiments with Deforestation on Plantland in Norway. Transactions of the 2nd International Peat Congress, Leningrad, August 15–22, 1963. Edinburgh, HMSO, 1968. 1089 p. 20. Paavilainen E., Päivänen J. Peatland Forestry. Berlin, Springer, 1995. 250 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03125-4 21. Salitis P. Merkopilas prieksnosa cijumi. Riga, 2006. 217 p. 22. Seppälä K. Relationship between Stem Diameter of Trees at Time of Draining and Their Post-Drainage Increment. Suo, 1976, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 55–60. Received on June 25, 2019 Formation and Dynamics of the Biotope of Pine Plantations on Peat Soils after Irrigation Improvement |
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