Способы защиты лесных почв в ходе лесозаготовительных работ (Обзор)

УДК

630*311(470.1/.2)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-5-92-116

Аннотация

Отношение общественности к вопросу экологичности лесозаготовительных методов и технологий заготовки древесины становится все более критичным. Анализ 105 публикаций, включенных в данный обзор, показывает, что подобные исследования вызывают интерес у ученых всего мира. За длительный период изучения обозначенной проблемы накопилось много работ о влиянии рубок леса на лесные почвы. Однако, как отмечают специалисты, эти знания еще не являются полными. На вырубках вследствие движения машин во время выполнения технологических операций появляются различные повреждения грунта. Изменения условий почвообразования в той или иной степени отражаются на всех свойствах почвы: физических, химических и биологических – а также на структуре почвенного покрова. Полностью исключить воздействие лесозаготовительной техники на лесные почвы невозможно, но свести к минимуму необходимо. Наиболее часто указываемые и эффективные технологические решения по ограничению негативных последствий прохода лесной техники это: проведение лесозаготовительных работ с учетом природных факторов; выбор системы заготовки древесины; планирование сезона  лесозаготовок, методов лесосечных работ, технологической сети; оставление порубочных остатков на поверхности почвы; дополнительное обучение специалистов, работающих в лесу; подбор системы машин и механизмов; снижение количества проездов техники по технологическим волокам; использование шин большего размера и низкого давления, системы управления давлением в шинах; применение цепей противоскольжения, гусеничных лент; проведение мелиорации влажных участков; установка систем GPS и GIS в лесозаготовительной технике. Несмотря на активный интерес к щадящим методам заготовки древесины, меры, направленные на сохранение лесных почв после осуществления лесозаготовительных работ, приняты в недостаточном объеме. Причинами могут быть неполнота научно-технической информации и высокая стоимость внедрения передовой практики управления. Кроме того, экономические факторы и производственные планы требуют заготовки древесины в течение всего года и не принимают в расчет неблагоприятные погодные условия.

Финансирование: Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках проекта МК-2622.2021.5 «Закономерности изменения лесорастительной среды под влиянием антропогенных факторов (рубок леса) в бореальных лесах Севера». Часть исследования проведена в рамках государственного задания ФБУ «СевНИИЛХ» (№ 121020500252-6).

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Данная статья опубликована в режиме открытого доступа и распространяется на условиях лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная (CC BY 4.0) • Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов

Сведения об авторах

А.С. Ильинцев¹, канд. с.-х. наук, ст. науч. сотр.; ResearcherID: N-6286-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-4665
Е.Н. Наквасина², д-р с.-х. наук, проф.; ResearcherID: A-5165-2013, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-3975
Л. Хогбом^{3, 4}, PhD, доц.; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-2897
¹Северный научно-исследовательский институт лесного хозяйства, ул. Никитова, д. 13, г. Архангельск, Россия, 163062; e-mail: a.ilintsev@narfu.ru
²Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, наб. Северной Двины, д. 17, г. Архангельск, Россия, 163002; е-mail: e.nakvasina@narfu.ru
³Научно-исследовательский институт лесного хозяйства Швеции, Научный парк Уппсала, г. Уппсала, Швеция, SE-751 83; e-mail: lars.hogbom@skogforsk.se
⁴Шведский университет сельскохозяйственных наук, г. Умео, Швеция, 901 03; e-mail: lars.hogbom@slu.se

Ключевые слова

лесные экосистемы, почва, антропогенная нагрузка, рубки леса, лесозаготовительная техника, экологические последствия, восстановительная сукцессия, лучшие практики

Для цитирования

Ilintsev A.S., Nakvasina E.N., Högbom L. Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review) // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2021. № 5. С. 92–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116

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Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review)

METHODS OF PROTECTION FOREST SOILS DURING LOGGING OPERATIONS (REVIEW)

Aleksey S. Ilintsev¹, Candidate of Agriculture, Senior Research Scientist; ResearcherID: N-6286-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-4665
Elena N. Nakvasina², Doctor of Agriculture, Prof.; ResearcherID:A-5165-2013, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-3975
Lars Högbom^3,4, PhD, Associated Professor; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-2897
¹Northern Research Institute of Forestry, ul. Nikitova, 13, Arkhangelsk, 163062, Russian Federation; e-mail: a.ilintsev@narfu.ru
²Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation; е-mail: e.nakvasina@narfu.ru
³Skogforsk – The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, SE-751 83, Sweden; e-mail: lars.hogbom@skogforsk.se
⁴Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 03, Sweden; e-mail: lars.hogbom@slu.se

Abstract. Public opinion has become increasingly critical of current logging methods and technologies, and there is a demand for standards to guide the operations of environmentally impactful industries. For many years, numerous researchers have studied the impact of logging on forest soils, revealing that there is a high risk of damaging forest soil during forest operations and terrain transport. Here we analyse and review a total of 105 publications in this area. This large body of work demonstrates the scientific interest that this field has attracted. Despite this, important areas of uncertainty concerning the impact of forest harvesting still remain. In particular, changes in soil conditions can affect soil properties in ways that are not well understood, with possible impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils as well as the structure of the soil cover. While it is difficult to fully eliminate the negative impact of forest operations on forest soils, their adverse environmental consequences should be minimised because soil plays a vital role in tree regeneration and helps determine the productivity of future forest stands. Some of the most frequently cited measures and  effective technological solutions to minimize damage to forest soils involve taking terrain and different technical solutions into account when organising logging operations. Potentially helpful technical solutions include selecting machines and mechanisms suitable for the site conditions, using larger and/or low-pressure tyres, using tyre pressure control, using anti-skid tracks, using track belts, meliorating wet areas, and using logging machinery incorporating global positioning systems and geographic information systems. Planning measures that can help minimize soil damage include choosing a suitable wood harvesting system and technology, accounting for seasonal factors when planning logging operations, planning networks of roads and trails in advance, leaving wood residues or mats on soil surface, training forest specialists, and reducing the number of machine passes over skid trails and strip roads. Despite active  interest in applying sparing methods of wood harvesting, uptake of measures designed to reduce negative impacts on forest soils after logging has been limited. This may be due to a lack of scientific and technical information and the high cost of implementing best management practices. Moreover, economic factors and production plans may require wood harvesting throughout the year, irrespective of conditions.

For citation: Ilintsev A.S., Nakvasina E.N., Högbom L. Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 92–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116
Funding: The research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of the project “Patterns of Changes in the Forest Site Environment under the Influence of Anthropogenic Factors (Logging) in the Boreal Forests of the North” No. МК-2622.2021.5. Part of the research was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Northern Research Institute of Forestry (No. 121020500252-6).

Keywords: forest ecosystems, soil, anthropogenic load, logging, forest machinery, ecological consequences, progressive succession, best practices.

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