Защита еловых лесов от вспышек Ips typographus (Обзор)

УДК

630*453:595.768.24+630*416.16

DOI:

10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67

Аннотация

Вспышкам Ips typographus (L.), причиной которых стали катастрофические природные явления в Центральной Европе, Сибири и на Дальнем востоке, посвящены многочисленные научные исследования. Для анализа отношений и происхождения видов Ips были использованы молекулярные методы. Детально изучены биологические характеристики I. typographus: жизненные параметры, влияние на которые оказывает температура, и поведение в полете. Обнаружено, что еловый короед рассеивается в пределах 500 м. Однако его новые атаки происходят в непосредственной близости от старых очагов. Решающее значение для успешности деятельности вредителя имеют механизмы восприимчивости и защиты деревьев. Их экземпляры, пораженные болезнью, отвечают предварительно сформированной смолой, реакциями на раны и в конечном итоге системными изменениями на физиологическом уровне. Риск нападения I. typographus, связанный с местопроизрастанием, возрастом, характером поступления питательных веществ и воды, был оценен как на уровне дерева, так и на уровне леса в целом. Динамика вспышек в значительной степени зависит от численности I. typographus, восприимчивости к нему деревьев, погодных условий и принятых фитосанитарных мер. Короед I. typographus является неотъемлемым компонентом любой лесной экосистемы. Он колонизирует ослабленные, слабые или мертвые деревья и таким образом начинает процесс разложения коры и древесины. Данный вредитель способен использовать недолговечные ресурсы и быстро размножаться до чрезвычайно больших количеств. Это происходит, например, после ветров. В таких эпидемических ситуациях I. typographus может представлять серьезную угрозу для лесов, богатых елью, особенно для насаждений, расположенных за пределами территории с оптимальными для данного вида условиями. В целях исследования потенциальной взаимозависимости климатических, специфических, фитосанитарных факторов и динамики заражения с помощью анализа геопространственных данных и методов множественной регрессии может быть изучено пространственное развитие заражений I. typographus. Такжеьрассматриваются различные методы контроля лесов и подчеркивается необходимость применения более сложных инструментов оценки рисков появления I. typographus.
Для цитирования: Пирцхалава-Карпова Н.Р., Карпов А.А., Козловский Е.Е., Грищенко М.Ю. Защита еловых лесов от вспышек Ips typographus (обзор) // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2021. № 4. С. 55–67. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67

Сведения об авторах

Н.Р. Пирцхалава-Карпова¹, инж.; ResearcherID: AAB-1262-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-4631
А.А. Карпов¹, зам. директора по охране территории и экологической безопасности; ResearcherID: H-1915-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-8399
Е.Е. Козловский¹, зам. директора по научной работе; ResearcherID: AAB-1558-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-898X
М.Ю. Грищенко^1,2,3, канд. геогр. наук, ст. науч. сотр., инж., доц.; ResearcherID: L-9961-2015, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-7697
¹Государственный заповедник «Курильский», ул. Заречная, д. 5, пгт. Южно-Курильск, Сахалинская область, Россия, 694500; e-mail: heynanabl@gmail.com, kurilskiy@mail.ru, lesnoy.monitoring@gmail.com
²Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, Ленинские Горы, д. 1, Москва, Россия, 119991; e-mail: m.gri@geogr.msu.ru
³Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»,
Покровский б-р, д. 11, Москва, Россия, 109028

Ключевые слова

Ips typographus, лесная экосистема, экология, управление лесами, ельники

Для цитирования

Пирцхалава-Карпова Н.Р., Карпов А.А., Козловский Е.Е., Грищенко М.Ю. Защита еловых лесов от вспышек Ips typographus (обзор) // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2021. № 4. С. 55–67. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67

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Ссылка на английскую версию:

Protection of Spruce Forests from Outbreaks of Ips typographus (Review)

PROTECTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS FROM OUTBREAKS OF Ips typographus (REVIEW)

Nana R. Pirtskhalava-Karpova¹, Engineer; ResearcherID: AAB-1262-2020,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-4631
Aleksandr A. Karpov¹, Deputy Director for Territory Protection and Environmental Safety; ResearcherID: H-1915-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-8399
Evgeniy E. Kozlovski¹, Deputy Director for Scientific Work; ResearcherID: AAB-1558-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-898X
Mikhail Yu. Grishchenko^1,2,3, Candidate of Geography, Senior Research Scientist, Engineer, Assoc. Prof.; ResearcherID: L-9961-2015, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-7697
¹State Nature Reserve Kurilskiy, ul. Zarechnaya, 5, pgt Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Sakhalin
Region, 694500, Russian Federation; e-mail: heynanabl@gmail.com, kurilskiy@mail.ru, lesnoy.monitoring@gmail.com
²Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; e-mail: m.gri@geogr.msu.ru
³National Research University Higher School of Economics, Pokrovskiy b-r, 11, Moscow, 109028, Russian Federation

Abstract. Outbreaks of Ips typographus (L.) caused by catastrophic natural phenomena in Central Europe, Siberia and the Far East have been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Molecular methods were used to analyze the relationships and origin of Ips species. The review article shows in detail the biological characteristics of I. typographus, such as the effect of temperature on vital parameters and flight behavior. It was found that the spruce bark beetle disperses within 500 m. However, new attacks occur in the immediate vicinity of the old foci. The susceptibility and protection mechanisms of trees are critical to a successful bark beetle attack. The newly attacked trees react with preformed resin, reactions to wounds, and, ultimately, systemic changes in physiology. The risk assessment in the studies was carried out both at the tree level and at the forest level as a whole. The risk of an attack of I. typographus is associated with the growth of the forest in a particular area, age, the flow of nutrients and water to the tree. The dynamics of outbreaks, to a large extent, depend on the abundance of I. typographus, susceptibility of trees, weather conditions and phytosanitary measures. Bark beetle I. typographus is an integral component of any forest ecosystem. It colonize weakened, weak or dead trees, and thus begins the decomposition of bark and wood. This pest is able to use short-lived resources and quickly multiply to extremely large numbers, for example, after winds. In such epidemic situations, I. typographus can pose a serious threat to spruce-rich forests, especially for stands planted outside their optimal range. The spatial development of I. typographus infections can be analyzed using GIS and multiple regression methods to investigate potential correlations between climatic, specific and phytosanitary factors and infection dynamics. Also, the article discusses various methods of forest control and emphasizes the need for more sophisticated risk assessment tools.
For citation: Pirtskhalava-Karpova N.R., Karpov A.A., Kozlovski E.E., Grishchenko M.Yu. Protection of Spruce Forests from Outbreaks of Ips typographus (Review). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 4, pp. 55–67. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67

Keywords: Ips typographus, forest ecosystem, ecology, forest management, spruce forests.